{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Basic OOPS and Advanced Concepts"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "        NAME     :E1\n",
      "        SALARY   :45000\n",
      "        ROLE     :t1\n",
      "        \n",
      "\n",
      "        NAME     :E2\n",
      "        SALARY   :50000\n",
      "        ROLE     :t2\n",
      "        \n",
      "8 8\n",
      "10\n",
      "10 20\n",
      "20 10\n",
      "this is a good string : good1\n",
      "this is a good string : good2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    number_of_leaves = 8\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def  __init__(self,name,salary,role):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.salary = salary\n",
    "        self.role = role\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def print_details(self):\n",
    "        \n",
    "        print(f\"\"\"\n",
    "        NAME     :{self.name}\n",
    "        SALARY   :{self.salary}\n",
    "        ROLE     :{self.role}\n",
    "        \"\"\")\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def change_leaves(cls,new_leaves):\n",
    "        cls.number_of_leaves = new_leaves\n",
    "        \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def instance_with_dash(cls,params_dash):\n",
    "        return cls(*params_dash.split(\"-\"))\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @staticmethod\n",
    "    def print_good_string(string):\n",
    "        print(f\"this is a good string : {string}\")\n",
    "        \n",
    "    \n",
    "\n",
    "    \n",
    "e1 = Employee(\"E1\",45000,\"t1\")\n",
    "e2 = Employee.instance_with_dash(\"E2-50000-t2\")\n",
    "\n",
    "e1.print_details()\n",
    "e2.print_details()\n",
    "\n",
    "print(e1.number_of_leaves, e2.number_of_leaves)\n",
    "\n",
    "e1.number_of_leaves = 10\n",
    "print(e1.number_of_leaves)\n",
    "\n",
    "Employee.number_of_leaves = 20\n",
    "\n",
    "print(e1.number_of_leaves, e2.number_of_leaves)\n",
    "\n",
    "e2.number_of_leaves = 10\n",
    "print(Employee.number_of_leaves, e2.number_of_leaves)\n",
    "\n",
    "e1.print_good_string(\"good1\")\n",
    "Employee.print_good_string(\"good2\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Single Inheritance"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Player:\n",
    "    def __init__(self,name,sports):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.sports = sports\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def print_details(self):\n",
    "        print(f\"\"\"\n",
    "        NAME     :{self.name}\n",
    "        SPORTS   :{self.sports}\n",
    "        \"\"\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### without super()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "        NAME     :e1\n",
      "        SALARY   :35000\n",
      "        ROLE     :P1\n",
      "        \n",
      "C++\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Programmer(Employee,Player):\n",
    "    \n",
    "    language =\"C++\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def print_language(self):\n",
    "        print(self.language)\n",
    "        \n",
    "p1 = Programmer(\"e1\",35000,\"P1\")\n",
    "p1.print_details()\n",
    "p1.print_language()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "__init__() takes 3 positional arguments but 4 were given",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-4-a25debaa34a6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      9\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlanguage\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     10\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 11\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mp1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mProgrammer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"e1\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m35000\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"P1\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m     12\u001b[0m \u001b[0mp1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mprint_details\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     13\u001b[0m \u001b[0mp1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mprint_language\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: __init__() takes 3 positional arguments but 4 were given"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# sequence matters\n",
    "\n",
    "## this will throw error\n",
    "class Programmer(Player,Employee):\n",
    "    \n",
    "    language =\"C++\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def print_language(self):\n",
    "        print(self.language)\n",
    "        \n",
    "p1 = Programmer(\"e1\",35000,\"P1\")\n",
    "p1.print_details() \n",
    "p1.print_language()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "        NAME     :e1\n",
      "        SPORTS   :['tennis', 'cricket']\n",
      "        \n",
      "C++\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Programmer(Player,Employee):\n",
    "    \n",
    "    language =\"C++\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def print_language(self):\n",
    "        print(self.language)\n",
    "        \n",
    "p1 = Programmer(\"e1\",[\"tennis\",\"cricket\"])\n",
    "p1.print_details()\n",
    "p1.print_language()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Heirarchy in descending order \n",
    "\n",
    "instance variable child > child class variable > parent instance variable > parent class variable "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'this is a instance variable in class B'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class A:\n",
    "    classvar1 = \"this is a class vairable in class A\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self):\n",
    "        self.classvar1 = \"this is a instance variable in class A\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "class B(A):\n",
    "    classvar1 = \"this is a class variable in class B\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self):\n",
    "        self.classvar1 = \"this is a instance variable in class B\"\n",
    "\n",
    "        \n",
    "\n",
    "b = B()\n",
    "\n",
    "b.classvar1\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'this is a instance variable in class A'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class A:\n",
    "    classvar1 = \"this is a class vairable in class A\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self):\n",
    "        self.classvar1 = \"this is a instance variable in class A\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "class B(A):\n",
    "    classvar1 = \"this is a class variable in class B\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "#     def __init__(self):\n",
    "#         self.classvar1 = \"this is a instance variable in class B\"\n",
    "\n",
    "        \n",
    "\n",
    "b = B()\n",
    "\n",
    "b.classvar1\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'this is a class variable in class B'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class A:\n",
    "    classvar1 = \"this is a class vairable in class A\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "#     def __init__(self):\n",
    "#         self.classvar1 = \"this is a instance variable in class A\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "class B(A):\n",
    "    classvar1 = \"this is a class variable in class B\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "#     def __init__(self):\n",
    "#         self.classvar1 = \"this is a instance variable in class B\"\n",
    "\n",
    "        \n",
    "\n",
    "b = B()\n",
    "\n",
    "b.classvar1\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'this is a class vairable in class A'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class A:\n",
    "    classvar1 = \"this is a class vairable in class A\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "#     def __init__(self):\n",
    "#         self.classvar1 = \"this is a instance variable in class A\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "class B(A):\n",
    "    pass\n",
    "#     classvar1 = \"this is a class variable in class B\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "#     def __init__(self):\n",
    "#         self.classvar1 = \"this is a instance variable in class B\"\n",
    "\n",
    "        \n",
    "\n",
    "b = B()\n",
    "\n",
    "b.classvar1\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## super()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'this is a instance variable in class B'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class A:\n",
    "    classvar1 = \"this is a class vairable in class A\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self):\n",
    "        self.var1 = \"this is a instance variable in class A\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "class B(A):\n",
    "    classvar1 = \"this is a class variable in class B\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self):\n",
    "        super().__init__()\n",
    "        self.var1 = \"this is a instance variable in class B\" ## overridden by child\n",
    "\n",
    "        \n",
    "\n",
    "b = B()\n",
    "\n",
    "b.var1\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'this is a instance variable in class A'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class A:\n",
    "    classvar1 = \"this is a class vairable in class A\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self):\n",
    "        self.var1 = \"this is a instance variable in class A\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "class B(A):\n",
    "    classvar1 = \"this is a class variable in class B\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self):\n",
    "        self.var1 = \"this is a instance variable in class B\"\n",
    "        super().__init__() ## overridden by parent \n",
    "        \n",
    "\n",
    "b = B()\n",
    "\n",
    "b.var1\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Diamond shape problem\n",
    "\n",
    "    -----------> A <----------- \n",
    "    |                         |\n",
    "    |                         |\n",
    "    |                         |\n",
    "    B                         C\n",
    "    ^                         ^\n",
    "    |                         |\n",
    "    |                         |\n",
    "    |                         |\n",
    "    ------------`D`------------"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "CLASS B\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class A:\n",
    "    def func(self):\n",
    "        print(\"CLASS A\")\n",
    "class B(A):\n",
    "    def func(self):\n",
    "        print(\"CLASS B\")\n",
    "class C(A):\n",
    "    def func(self):\n",
    "        print(\"CLASS C\")\n",
    "class D(B,C):\n",
    "    pass\n",
    "\n",
    "a = A()\n",
    "b = B()\n",
    "c = C()\n",
    "d = D()\n",
    "\n",
    "d.func()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "CLASS C\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "class A:\n",
    "    def func(self):\n",
    "        print(\"CLASS A\")\n",
    "class B(A):\n",
    "    def func(self):\n",
    "        print(\"CLASS B\")\n",
    "class C(A):\n",
    "    def func(self):\n",
    "        print(\"CLASS C\")\n",
    "class D(C,B):\n",
    "    pass\n",
    "\n",
    "a = A()\n",
    "b = B()\n",
    "c = C()\n",
    "d = D()\n",
    "\n",
    "d.func()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Operator overloading and dunder methods(underscore methods)\n",
    "\n",
    "https://docs.python.org/3/library/operator.html\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'Employee' and 'Employee'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-14-42bd4dc47e1e>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     30\u001b[0m \u001b[0me2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mEmployee\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"E2\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m40000\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"SDE1\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     31\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 32\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0me1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m\u001b[0me2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'Employee' and 'Employee'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    number_of_leaves = 8\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def  __init__(self,name,salary,role):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.salary = salary\n",
    "        self.role = role\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def print_details(self):\n",
    "        \n",
    "        print(f\"\"\"\n",
    "        NAME     :{self.name}\n",
    "        SALARY   :{self.salary}\n",
    "        ROLE     :{self.role}\n",
    "        \"\"\")\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def change_leaves(cls,new_leaves):\n",
    "        cls.number_of_leaves = new_leaves\n",
    "        \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def instance_with_dash(cls,params_dash):\n",
    "        return cls(*params_dash.split(\"-\"))\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @staticmethod\n",
    "    def print_good_string(string):\n",
    "        print(f\"this is a good string : {string}\")\n",
    "        \n",
    "e1 = Employee(\"E1\",45000,\"SDE1\")\n",
    "e2 = Employee(\"E2\",40000,\"SDE1\")\n",
    "\n",
    "print(e1+e2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "85000\n",
      "1.125\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    number_of_leaves = 8\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def  __init__(self,name,salary,role):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.salary = salary\n",
    "        self.role = role\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def print_details(self):\n",
    "        \n",
    "        print(f\"\"\"\n",
    "        NAME     :{self.name}\n",
    "        SALARY   :{self.salary}\n",
    "        ROLE     :{self.role}\n",
    "        \"\"\")\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def change_leaves(cls,new_leaves):\n",
    "        cls.number_of_leaves = new_leaves\n",
    "        \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def instance_with_dash(cls,params_dash):\n",
    "        return cls(*params_dash.split(\"-\"))\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @staticmethod\n",
    "    def print_good_string(string):\n",
    "        print(f\"this is a good string : {string}\")\n",
    "        \n",
    "    ## create a dunder method to work on add operation \n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __add__(self,other):\n",
    "        \n",
    "        return self.salary + other.salary\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __truediv__(self,other):\n",
    "        \n",
    "        return self.salary / other.salary\n",
    "        \n",
    "e1 = Employee(\"E1\",45000,\"SDE1\")\n",
    "e2 = Employee(\"E2\",40000,\"SDE1\")\n",
    "\n",
    "print(e1+e2)\n",
    "print(e1/e2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['__add__',\n",
       " '__class__',\n",
       " '__delattr__',\n",
       " '__dict__',\n",
       " '__dir__',\n",
       " '__doc__',\n",
       " '__eq__',\n",
       " '__format__',\n",
       " '__ge__',\n",
       " '__getattribute__',\n",
       " '__gt__',\n",
       " '__hash__',\n",
       " '__init__',\n",
       " '__init_subclass__',\n",
       " '__le__',\n",
       " '__lt__',\n",
       " '__module__',\n",
       " '__ne__',\n",
       " '__new__',\n",
       " '__reduce__',\n",
       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
       " '__repr__',\n",
       " '__setattr__',\n",
       " '__sizeof__',\n",
       " '__str__',\n",
       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
       " '__truediv__',\n",
       " '__weakref__',\n",
       " 'change_leaves',\n",
       " 'instance_with_dash',\n",
       " 'number_of_leaves',\n",
       " 'print_details',\n",
       " 'print_good_string']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dir(Employee)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<__main__.Employee at 0x7f747cba7370>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "e1 ## here it is showing default"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Employee('E1',45000,'SDE1')\n",
      "Employee('E1',45000,'SDE1')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    number_of_leaves = 8\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def  __init__(self,name,salary,role):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.salary = salary\n",
    "        self.role = role\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def print_details(self):\n",
    "        \n",
    "        print(f\"\"\"\n",
    "        NAME     :{self.name}\n",
    "        SALARY   :{self.salary}\n",
    "        ROLE     :{self.role}\n",
    "        \"\"\")\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def change_leaves(cls,new_leaves):\n",
    "        cls.number_of_leaves = new_leaves\n",
    "        \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def instance_with_dash(cls,params_dash):\n",
    "        return cls(*params_dash.split(\"-\"))\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @staticmethod\n",
    "    def print_good_string(string):\n",
    "        print(f\"this is a good string : {string}\")\n",
    "        \n",
    "    ## create a dunder method to work on add operation \n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __add__(self,other):\n",
    "        \n",
    "        return self.salary + other.salary\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __truediv__(self,other):\n",
    "        \n",
    "        return self.salary / other.salary\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __repr__(self):\n",
    "        return f\"\"\"Employee('{self.name}',{self.salary},'{self.role}')\"\"\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "e1 = Employee(\"E1\",45000,\"SDE1\")\n",
    "e2 = Employee(\"E2\",40000,\"SDE1\")\n",
    "\n",
    "print(e1)\n",
    "print(repr(e1)) ##overridden repr"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "        NAME     :E1\n",
      "        SALARY   :45000\n",
      "        ROLE     :SDE1\n",
      "        \n",
      "\n",
      "        NAME     :E1\n",
      "        SALARY   :45000\n",
      "        ROLE     :SDE1\n",
      "        \n",
      "Employee('E1',45000,'SDE1')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    number_of_leaves = 8\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def  __init__(self,name,salary,role):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.salary = salary\n",
    "        self.role = role\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def print_details(self):\n",
    "        \n",
    "        print(f\"\"\"\n",
    "        NAME     :{self.name}\n",
    "        SALARY   :{self.salary}\n",
    "        ROLE     :{self.role}\n",
    "        \"\"\")\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def change_leaves(cls,new_leaves):\n",
    "        cls.number_of_leaves = new_leaves\n",
    "        \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def instance_with_dash(cls,params_dash):\n",
    "        return cls(*params_dash.split(\"-\"))\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @staticmethod\n",
    "    def print_good_string(string):\n",
    "        print(f\"this is a good string : {string}\")\n",
    "        \n",
    "    ## create a dunder method to work on add operation \n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __add__(self,other):\n",
    "        \n",
    "        return self.salary + other.salary\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __truediv__(self,other):\n",
    "        \n",
    "        return self.salary / other.salary\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __repr__(self):\n",
    "        return f\"\"\"Employee('{self.name}',{self.salary},'{self.role}')\"\"\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return f\"\"\"\n",
    "        NAME     :{self.name}\n",
    "        SALARY   :{self.salary}\n",
    "        ROLE     :{self.role}\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "e1 = Employee(\"E1\",45000,\"SDE1\")\n",
    "e2 = Employee(\"E2\",40000,\"SDE1\")\n",
    "\n",
    "print(e1) ##overridden repr with str\n",
    "print(str(e1))\n",
    "print(repr(e1))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Abstract Base Class"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from abc import ABC,abstractmethod\n",
    "\n",
    "class Shape(ABC):\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @abstractmethod\n",
    "    def print_area(self):\n",
    "        pass "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "Can't instantiate abstract class Square with abstract methods print_area",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-21-1c588ec6d471>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      6\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 7\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mSquare\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m10\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: Can't instantiate abstract class Square with abstract methods print_area"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "    \n",
    "class Square(Shape):\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self,side):\n",
    "        self.side = side\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "s = Square(10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "    \n",
    "class Square(Shape):\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self,side):\n",
    "        self.side = side\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def print_area(self):\n",
    "        \n",
    "        print(self.side**2)\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "s = Square(10)\n",
    "s.print_area()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "Can't instantiate abstract class Shape with abstract methods print_area",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-23-c85743fd6946>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mShape\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# cant create\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: Can't instantiate abstract class Shape with abstract methods print_area"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Shape() # cant create "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## setter and property decorator "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Nishant Maheshwari\n",
      "Nishant.Maheshwari@faloola.com\n",
      "Nishant Baheti\n",
      "Nishant.Maheshwari@faloola.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Subscriber:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self,fname,lname):\n",
    "        self.fname = fname\n",
    "        self.lname = lname\n",
    "        self._email = f\"{self.fname}.{self.lname}@faloola.com\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def name(self):\n",
    "        return f\"{self.fname} {self.lname}\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def email(self):\n",
    "        return self._email\n",
    "s = Subscriber(\"Nishant\",\"Maheshwari\")\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email())\n",
    "\n",
    "s.lname = \"Baheti\"\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email()) ## email will not change"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Nishant Maheshwari\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'str' object is not callable",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-25-8f6b2bf645ba>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     15\u001b[0m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mSubscriber\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Nishant\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Maheshwari\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     16\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 17\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0memail\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m     18\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     19\u001b[0m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlname\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"Baheti\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'str' object is not callable"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Subscriber:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self,fname,lname):\n",
    "        self.fname = fname\n",
    "        self.lname = lname\n",
    "#         self.email = f\"{self.fname}.{self.lname}@faloola.com\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def name(self):\n",
    "        return f\"{self.fname} {self.lname}\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @property\n",
    "    def email(self):\n",
    "        return f\"{self.fname}.{self.lname}@faloola.com\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "s = Subscriber(\"Nishant\",\"Maheshwari\")\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email())\n",
    "\n",
    "s.lname = \"Baheti\"\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email()) ## email changed but set as property which is not callable"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Nishant Maheshwari\n",
      "Nishant.Maheshwari@faloola.com\n",
      "Nishant Baheti\n",
      "Nishant.Baheti@faloola.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Subscriber:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self,fname,lname):\n",
    "        self.fname = fname\n",
    "        self.lname = lname\n",
    "#         self.email = f\"{self.fname}.{self.lname}@faloola.com\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def name(self):\n",
    "        return f\"{self.fname} {self.lname}\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @property\n",
    "    def email(self):\n",
    "        return f\"{self.fname}.{self.lname}@faloola.com\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "s = Subscriber(\"Nishant\",\"Maheshwari\")\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email)\n",
    "\n",
    "s.lname = \"Baheti\"\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email) ## email changed"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Nishant Maheshwari\n",
      "Nishant.Maheshwari@faloola.com\n",
      "Nishant Baheti\n",
      "Nishant.Baheti@faloola.com\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "AttributeError",
     "evalue": "can't set attribute",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-27-efecc42b7d81>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     21\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0memail\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m## email changed\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     22\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 23\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0memail\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"foo.bar@faloola.com\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: can't set attribute"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Subscriber:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self,fname,lname):\n",
    "        self.fname = fname\n",
    "        self.lname = lname\n",
    "#         self.email = f\"{self.fname}.{self.lname}@faloola.com\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def name(self):\n",
    "        return f\"{self.fname} {self.lname}\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @property\n",
    "    def email(self):\n",
    "        return f\"{self.fname}.{self.lname}@faloola.com\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "s = Subscriber(\"Nishant\",\"Maheshwari\")\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email)\n",
    "\n",
    "s.lname = \"Baheti\"\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email) ## email changed\n",
    "\n",
    "s.email = \"foo.bar@faloola.com\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Nishant Maheshwari\n",
      "Nishant.Maheshwari@faloola.com\n",
      "Nishant Baheti\n",
      "Nishant.Baheti@faloola.com\n",
      "foo bar\n",
      "foo.bar@faloola.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Subscriber:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self,fname,lname):\n",
    "        self.fname = fname\n",
    "        self.lname = lname\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def name(self):\n",
    "        return f\"{self.fname} {self.lname}\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @property\n",
    "    def email(self):\n",
    "        return f\"{self.fname}.{self.lname}@faloola.com\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @email.setter\n",
    "    def email(self,new_email):\n",
    "        name = new_email.split(\"@\")[0]\n",
    "        name_l = name.split(\".\")\n",
    "        self.fname =  name_l[0]\n",
    "        self.lname = name_l[1]\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "    \n",
    "s = Subscriber(\"Nishant\",\"Maheshwari\")\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email)\n",
    "\n",
    "s.lname = \"Baheti\"\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email) ## email changed\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "s.email = \"foo.bar@faloola.com\"\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email) "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Nishant Maheshwari\n",
      "Nishant.Maheshwari@faloola.com\n",
      "Nishant Baheti\n",
      "Nishant.Baheti@faloola.com\n",
      "foo bar\n",
      "foo.bar@faloola.com\n",
      "Email is not set\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Subscriber:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self,fname,lname):\n",
    "        self.fname = fname\n",
    "        self.lname = lname\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def name(self):\n",
    "        return f\"{self.fname} {self.lname}\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @property\n",
    "    def email(self):\n",
    "        if self.fname is None or self.lname is None:\n",
    "            return \"Email is not set\"\n",
    "        return f\"{self.fname}.{self.lname}@faloola.com\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @email.setter\n",
    "    def email(self,new_email):\n",
    "        name = new_email.split(\"@\")[0]\n",
    "        name_l = name.split(\".\")\n",
    "        self.fname =  name_l[0]\n",
    "        self.lname = name_l[1]\n",
    "        \n",
    "    @email.deleter\n",
    "    def email(self):\n",
    "        self.fname = None\n",
    "        self.lname = None\n",
    "        \n",
    "s = Subscriber(\"Nishant\",\"Maheshwari\")\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email)\n",
    "\n",
    "s.lname = \"Baheti\"\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email) ## email changed\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "s.email = \"foo.bar@faloola.com\"\n",
    "print(s.name())\n",
    "print(s.email) \n",
    "\n",
    "del s.email\n",
    "print(s.email) \n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Object instrospection"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(\"hello\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "140138285539376"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "id(\"hello\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['__add__',\n",
       " '__class__',\n",
       " '__contains__',\n",
       " '__delattr__',\n",
       " '__dir__',\n",
       " '__doc__',\n",
       " '__eq__',\n",
       " '__format__',\n",
       " '__ge__',\n",
       " '__getattribute__',\n",
       " '__getitem__',\n",
       " '__getnewargs__',\n",
       " '__gt__',\n",
       " '__hash__',\n",
       " '__init__',\n",
       " '__init_subclass__',\n",
       " '__iter__',\n",
       " '__le__',\n",
       " '__len__',\n",
       " '__lt__',\n",
       " '__mod__',\n",
       " '__mul__',\n",
       " '__ne__',\n",
       " '__new__',\n",
       " '__reduce__',\n",
       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
       " '__repr__',\n",
       " '__rmod__',\n",
       " '__rmul__',\n",
       " '__setattr__',\n",
       " '__sizeof__',\n",
       " '__str__',\n",
       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
       " 'capitalize',\n",
       " 'casefold',\n",
       " 'center',\n",
       " 'count',\n",
       " 'encode',\n",
       " 'endswith',\n",
       " 'expandtabs',\n",
       " 'find',\n",
       " 'format',\n",
       " 'format_map',\n",
       " 'index',\n",
       " 'isalnum',\n",
       " 'isalpha',\n",
       " 'isascii',\n",
       " 'isdecimal',\n",
       " 'isdigit',\n",
       " 'isidentifier',\n",
       " 'islower',\n",
       " 'isnumeric',\n",
       " 'isprintable',\n",
       " 'isspace',\n",
       " 'istitle',\n",
       " 'isupper',\n",
       " 'join',\n",
       " 'ljust',\n",
       " 'lower',\n",
       " 'lstrip',\n",
       " 'maketrans',\n",
       " 'partition',\n",
       " 'replace',\n",
       " 'rfind',\n",
       " 'rindex',\n",
       " 'rjust',\n",
       " 'rpartition',\n",
       " 'rsplit',\n",
       " 'rstrip',\n",
       " 'split',\n",
       " 'splitlines',\n",
       " 'startswith',\n",
       " 'strip',\n",
       " 'swapcase',\n",
       " 'title',\n",
       " 'translate',\n",
       " 'upper',\n",
       " 'zfill']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dir(\"hello\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[('__add__', <method-wrapper '__add__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__class__', <class 'str'>), ('__contains__', <method-wrapper '__contains__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__delattr__', <method-wrapper '__delattr__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__dir__', <built-in method __dir__ of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__doc__', \"str(object='') -> str\\nstr(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str\\n\\nCreate a new string object from the given object. If encoding or\\nerrors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer\\nthat will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.\\nOtherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)\\nor repr(object).\\nencoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().\\nerrors defaults to 'strict'.\"), ('__eq__', <method-wrapper '__eq__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__format__', <built-in method __format__ of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__ge__', <method-wrapper '__ge__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__getattribute__', <method-wrapper '__getattribute__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__getitem__', <method-wrapper '__getitem__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__getnewargs__', <built-in method __getnewargs__ of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__gt__', <method-wrapper '__gt__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__hash__', <method-wrapper '__hash__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__init__', <method-wrapper '__init__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__init_subclass__', <built-in method __init_subclass__ of type object at 0x557127ed5780>), ('__iter__', <method-wrapper '__iter__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__le__', <method-wrapper '__le__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__len__', <method-wrapper '__len__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__lt__', <method-wrapper '__lt__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__mod__', <method-wrapper '__mod__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__mul__', <method-wrapper '__mul__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__ne__', <method-wrapper '__ne__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__new__', <built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x557127ed5780>), ('__reduce__', <built-in method __reduce__ of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__reduce_ex__', <built-in method __reduce_ex__ of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__repr__', <method-wrapper '__repr__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__rmod__', <method-wrapper '__rmod__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__rmul__', <method-wrapper '__rmul__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__setattr__', <method-wrapper '__setattr__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__sizeof__', <built-in method __sizeof__ of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__str__', <method-wrapper '__str__' of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('__subclasshook__', <built-in method __subclasshook__ of type object at 0x557127ed5780>), ('capitalize', <built-in method capitalize of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('casefold', <built-in method casefold of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('center', <built-in method center of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('count', <built-in method count of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('encode', <built-in method encode of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('endswith', <built-in method endswith of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('expandtabs', <built-in method expandtabs of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('find', <built-in method find of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('format', <built-in method format of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('format_map', <built-in method format_map of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('index', <built-in method index of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('isalnum', <built-in method isalnum of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('isalpha', <built-in method isalpha of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('isascii', <built-in method isascii of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('isdecimal', <built-in method isdecimal of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('isdigit', <built-in method isdigit of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('isidentifier', <built-in method isidentifier of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('islower', <built-in method islower of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('isnumeric', <built-in method isnumeric of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('isprintable', <built-in method isprintable of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('isspace', <built-in method isspace of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('istitle', <built-in method istitle of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('isupper', <built-in method isupper of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('join', <built-in method join of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('ljust', <built-in method ljust of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('lower', <built-in method lower of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('lstrip', <built-in method lstrip of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('maketrans', <built-in method maketrans of type object at 0x557127ed5780>), ('partition', <built-in method partition of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('replace', <built-in method replace of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('rfind', <built-in method rfind of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('rindex', <built-in method rindex of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('rjust', <built-in method rjust of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('rpartition', <built-in method rpartition of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('rsplit', <built-in method rsplit of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('rstrip', <built-in method rstrip of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('split', <built-in method split of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('splitlines', <built-in method splitlines of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('startswith', <built-in method startswith of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('strip', <built-in method strip of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('swapcase', <built-in method swapcase of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('title', <built-in method title of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('translate', <built-in method translate of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('upper', <built-in method upper of str object at 0x7f747d454270>), ('zfill', <built-in method zfill of str object at 0x7f747d454270>)]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import inspect \n",
    "\n",
    "print(inspect.getmembers(\"Hello\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
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  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3",
   "language": "python",
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  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
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